Ii-protons
Iiprotons zizinto ezithile ezifumaneka kw-atom.[1] Zifumaneka kwi-nucleus ye-atom zihamba nee-neutrons.[1] I-periodic table yamaqela ee-atoms ebonakalisa okokuba ezi atoms zinee-protons ezingaphi na. I-atom enye kwi-hydrogen (olona hlobo lwe-atom lwakhe lwalula) yenziwe nge-electron ezingqonge nezijikeleze i-proton. Ubukhulu becala ubunzima bale atom benziwa bukwi-proton, kuba kaloku yona ubunzima bayo phantse buphinda-phindwe kangangama-2000 kunobo be-electron. Ii-Protons nee-neutrons zizo ezenza i-nucleus yalo naluphi na uhlobo lwe-atom. Kuyo nayiphi na i-element, inani lee- protons lisoloko lifana. Inani eli-atomic kwi-atom lilingana nenani lee-protons kuloo-atom.
Ii-Protons zenziwe ngee-quarks.[1] I-proton inye kukholelwa okokuba yenziwe ngee-quarks ezintathu, ezimbini ziiquarks-eziphezulu ize enye ibeyi-quark esezantsi.[1] i-quark esezantsi inetshaji okanye uzibuthe we-1/3, zize zona ii-quarks eziphezulu zibenetshaji ye-+2/3 inye. Oku kongeza ye-+1. I-proton ine-mass encinane. Ubunzima be-proton bumalunga ne-atomic mass unit enye. Ubunzima be-neutron nabo bumalunga ne-atomic mass unit enye. Ubukhulu be-proton bubonakala ngokungcangcazela kwee-quarks ezikuyo, kwaye ezi-quarks zenza ilifu. Oko kuthetha okokuba i-proton akuyo bhola iqine kangako xa ithelekiswa nendawo equlethe ii-quarks.
