Izimbiwa
Kwi-geology kunye ne-mineralogy, i-mineral okanye i-minerals yeentlobo ze-mineral, ngokuthetha ngokubanzi, into eqinileyo enemichiza echazwe ngokufanelekileyo kunye ne-crystal structure eyenzeka ngokwemvelo kwifom ecocekileyo.[1][2]
Inkcazo yokwakheka komhlaba yeminerali ngokuqhelekileyo ayibandakanyi iikhompawundi ezenzeka kuphela kwizinto eziphilayo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iiminerali zihlala zi-biogenic (ezifana ne-calcite) okanye i-organic compounds ngengqiqo ye-chemistry (efana ne-melite). Ngaphezu koko, izinto eziphilayo zihlala zidibanisa iiminerali ezingaphiliyo (ezifana ne-hydroxylapatite) eyenzeka ematyeni.
Ingqikelelo yeminerali yahlukile etyeni, nto leyo nasiphi na isambuku semathiriyeli eyomeleleyo yejologic elinganayo ngokwentelekiso kwisikali esikhulu ngokwaneleyo. Ilitye lisenokuba luhlobo olunye lweminerali okanye libe yinxalenye yezimbiwa ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezahlukeneyo, zahlulwe ngokwazo ngokwezigaba ezahlukeneyo.[3]
Ezinye izinto eziqinileyo zendalo ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esicacileyo se-crystalline, njenge-opal okanye i-obsidian, ngokufanelekileyo kuthiwa yi-mineraloids. Ukuba ikhompawundi yemichiza yenzeka ngokwemvelo kunye nezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zekristale, isakhiwo ngasinye sithathwa njengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaminerali. Ngaloo ndlela, umzekelo, i-quartz kunye ne-stishovite ziiminerali ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya ikhompawundi enye, i-silicon dioxide.
I-International Mineralogical Association (IMA) liqumrhu eliqhelekileyo elamkelwayo eliqhelekileyo lenkcazo kunye nokubizwa kwamagama eentlobo zezimbiwa. Ukusukela ngoJulayi 2024, i-IMA ibona i-6,062 yeentlobo zezimbiwa ezisemthethweni.[4]
Ukuqina
tshintsha
Ubunzima beminerali buchaza ukuba inokumelana kangakanani nokukrwela okanye ukujiya. Le propati ebonakalayo ilawulwa yi-chemical composition kunye ne-crystalline structure ubume beminerali.
Esona sikali siqhelekileyo sisetyenziswa sisikali sobunzima se-ordinal Mohs, esilinganisa ukuxhathisa ekukrweleni. Ichazwa zizibonakaliso ezilishumi, iminerali enesalathisi esiphezulu ikhuhla abo bangaphantsi kwayo. Uluhlu luvela kwi-talc, i-phyllosilicate, ukuya kwidayimane, i-carbon polymorph eyona nto inzima yendalo. Isikali sinikwe ngezantsi:
| Mohs ubulukhuni | Izimbiwa | Ifomula yemichiza |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | iTalc | Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 |
| 2 | Gypsum | I-CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O |
| 3 | Calcite | CaCO 3 |
| 4 | I-Fluorite | I-CaF 2 |
| 5 | Apatite | ICa 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH,Cl,F) |
| 6 | I-Orthoclase | KAlSi 3 O 8 |
| 7 | Iquartz | ISiO 2 |
| 8 | iTopazi | Al 2 SiO 4 (OH,F) 2 |
| 9 | Corundum | Kunye 2O3 |
| 10 | Idayimani | C |
Ubulukhuni beminerali ngumsebenzi wesakhiwo sayo. Ubunzima abusoloko buzinzile kuzo zonke izikhokelo zecrystallographic; Ubuthathaka becrystallographic zenza ezinye izikhombisi zibe thambile kunezinye. Umzekelo wobu bunzima bukhona kwi kyanite, enobulukhuni be-Mohs be-5 ngqamene no-[001] kodwa isi-7 siyahambelana no-[100].[5]
Ezinye izikali ziquka ezi; [6]
- Uvavanyo lobunzima be-Shore, olulinganisa ukunyamezela kweminerali ngokusekelwe kwi-indentation ye-spring-loaded contraption.[7]
- Isikali seRockwell
- Uvavanyo lobulukhuni beVickers
- Isikali seBrinell
Luster kunye ne-diaphaneity
tshintsha
I-Luster ibonisa indlela ukukhanya okubonakala ngayo ukusuka kumphezulu weminerali, ngokumalunga nomgangatho kunye nobukhulu bayo. Kukho amagama amaninzi asemgangathweni asetyenziselwa ukuchaza le propati, eyahlulahlulwe ngokweendidi zentsimbi nezingezizo ezentsimbi. Iiminerali zesinyithi kunye ne-sub-metallic zinokubonakala okuphezulu njengentsimbi; imizekelo yeeminerali kunye nale luster yi-galena kunye ne-pyrite. Iiluster ezingezizo ezentsimbi zibandakanya: i-adamantine, efana nedayimani; i-vitreous, i-glassy luster ixhaphake kakhulu kwiiminerali ze-silicate; iperile, njenge-talc kunye ne-apophyllite; i-resinous, njengamalungu eqela le-garnet; i-silky eqhelekileyo kwiiminerali ezine-fibrous ezifana ne-asbestiform chrysotile.;
I-diaphaneity ye-mineral ixhomekeke kubukhulu besampulu. Xa iminerali ibhityile ngokwaneleyo (umzekelo, kwicandelo elibhityileyo lepetrografi), inokucaca nokuba loo propati ayibonwa kwisampulu yesandla. Ngokwahlukileyo, ezinye iiminerali, ezifana ne-hematite okanye i-pyrite, zi-opaque nakwicandelo elincinci.
Bona kwakho
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Iimbekiselo
tshintsha- ↑ John P. Rafferty, ed. (2011): Minerals; p. 1. In the series Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks. Rosen Publishing Group. iThemplethi:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".
- ↑ Wenk, Hans-Rudolf; Bulakh, Andrei (2004) Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin Cambridge University Press p. 10 ISBN 978-0-521-52958-7
- ↑ Stephenson, Tim; Stephenson, Carolyn "Rocks & Minerals" Creetown Gem Rock Museum archived from the original on 18 July 2019 retrieved 18 July 2019 Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Pasero, Marco (July 2024) "IMA List of Minerals" IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification archived from the original on 25 April 2024 retrieved 19 July 2024 Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Kyanite" Mindat.org archived from the original on 14 September 2019 retrieved 3 April 2018 Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Hardness: Vickers, Rockwell, Brinell, Mohs, Shore and Knoop - Matmatch" matmatch.com archived from the original on 4 October 2021 retrieved 4 October 2021 Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Hardness" 7 July 2007 archived from the original on 2007-07-07 retrieved 4 October 2021