Mali
IMali, ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhlikhi yaseMali, lilizwe elibekwe kumbindi weNtshona Afrika kwaye ivaliwe. Lilizwe lesibhozo ngobukhulu eAfrika, linendawo engaphezulu kwe-1,240,000 km²; inani labantu lifikelela kwi-21.3 yezigidi zabantu, i-67% kubo kuqikelelwa ukuba bangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-25 ngo-2017. [1] Emantla umda weAlgeria, ukuya empuma kunye neNiger, emazantsi kunye neBurkina Faso kunye ne-Ivory Coast, emazantsi-ntshona kunye neGuinea nasentshona neSenegal kunye neMauritania ; ikomkhulu yiBamako, nesesona sixeko sikhulu kweli lizwe. Urhulumente unemimandla esibhozo, kwaye umda wawo osemantla ufikelela kubunzulu bentlango yeSahara, ngelixa indawo esemazantsi yelizwe ifakwe kwi-savannah yaseSudan, apho imilambo yaseNiger neSenegal ihamba khona, nalapho uninzi lwabantu luhlala khona. inxalenye yabemi. Uqoqosho lwelizwe lugxile kwezolimo kunye nemigodi: enye yemithombo yendalo ephambili yaseMali igolide, apho ingumlimi wesithathu omkhulu kwilizwekazi laseAfrika; ikwathumela ityuwa kwamanye amazwe. [2]
I-Mali yangoku yayiyinxalenye yamazwe amathathu aseNtshona Afrika alawula iindlela zokurhweba kwi-Sahara : Ubukhosi baseGhana (okuthiwa yiGhana), uBukhosi baseMali (obizwa ngokuba yiMali) kunye ne- Songhai Empire . Kwincopho yayo, ngeminyaka yoo-1300s, ubukhosi baseMali bugubungele indawo emalunga nokuphinda kabini ubungakanani beFransi yanamhlanje, kwaye banwenwela kunxweme olusentshona Afrika. [3] Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweAfrika, iFransi yathatha ulawulo lweMali, iyenza ibe yinxalenye yeSudan yaseFransi (eyaziwa ngokuba yiRiphabhlikhi yaseSudan), eyayimanyene neSenegal ngo-1959, emva koko yafumana inkululeko ngo-1960. Imanyano yaseMali. Kungekudala emva koko, emva kokurhoxa kweSenegal kumanyano, iRiphabhlikhi yaseSudan yazivakalisa izimele phantsi kwegama leRiphabhlikhi yaseMali. Emva kwexesha elide lolawulo lweqela elinye, ubhukuqo-mbuso ngowe-1991 lwakhokelela kumgaqo-siseko omtsha nokusekwa korhulumente wedemokhrasi, onamaqela amaninzi.
NgoJanuwari 2012 , ungquzulwano oluxhobileyo lwaqhambuka enyakatho yeMali, apho umvukeli uTuareg wathatha ulawulo lwendawo esemantla, kwaye wabhengeza ukuhlukaniswa kwelizwe elitsha, i-Azawad, ngo-Epreli. [4] Ungquzulwano lwenziwa nzima ngakumbi lubhukuqo-mbuso lukaMatshi 2012 [5] kunye nemilo eyalandelayo phakathi kweTuareg kunye namanye amaqela avukelayo. Ekuphenduleni ukuzuza kwemimandla, umkhosi waseFransi uqalise i-Operation Serval ngoJanuwari 2013. [6] Emva kwenyanga, imikhosi yaseMali kunye neFransi yaphinda yoyisa phantse wonke umntla; unyulo lukamongameli lwabanjwa ngomhla wama-28 kweyeKhala ngowama-2013, ngomjikelo wesibini ngowe-11 Agasti, kwaye unyulo lwasepalamente lwabanjwa ngomhla wama-24 kuNovemba nowama-25 kuDisemba waloo nyaka.
Kwi-2020 kunye ne -2021, ukukhwabanisa okubini kuka -Assimi Goïta kwenzeka eMali.
IBurkina Faso, iMali kunye neNiger ibhengeze ukusekwa kwelizwe elitsha, elithi " I-Confederation of Sahel States ", idibanisa amazwe amathathu kunye neenjongo zomkhosi, ezoqoqosho kunye nezokhuseleko. [7]
- ↑ "Index Mundi using CIA World Factbook statistics, 20 gennaio 2018"
- ↑ Human Development Indices, Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 6. 16 gennaio 2022
- ↑ Mali Empire (ca. 1200) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. The Black Past. 16 gennaio 2022.
- ↑ Polgreen, Lydia and Cowell, Alan (6 aprile 2012) "Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North", The New York Times
- ↑ UN Security Council condemns Mali coup. Telegraph (23 marzo 2012).
- ↑ "Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes" 12 gennaio 2013
- ↑ "Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali military leaders sign treaty to become confederation"