Rhulumente

Iintlelo ezi-4

Urhulumente yintsebenziswano yabantu okanye iqelana ekulawuleni ingingqi yoluntu oluhlelekileyo edla ngokuba lilizwe.iThemplethi:Forms of government mapNgelixa zonke iintlobo zemibutho zinolawulo, igama elithi rhulumente lisoloko lisetyenziswa ngakumbi, ukubhekisa koorhulumente abazimeleyo abamalunga nama-200 kunye nemibutho encedisayo.

Ngokwembali iintlobo ezixhaphakileyo zorhulumento ziquka ubukhosi, i-aristokhrasi, i-timokhrasi, i-oligatshi, idemokhrasi, lobuthixo kunye nguzwilakhe . Eyona nto iphambili kubo nabuphi na ubulumko boburhulumente yindlela afumaneka ngayo amandla ezopolitiko, ngendlela ezimbini eziphambili ezilukhuphiswano lonyulo kunye nolandelelwano ngokwelifa.

Iinkcazo kunye nentsusagama

Urhulumente yinkqubo yokulawula ilizwe okanye uluntu.

I-Encyclopedia yase-Columbia ichaza urhulumente "njengenkqubo yolawulo lwentlalo apho ilungelo lokwenza imithetho, kunye nelungelo lokuyinyanzelisa, linikwe iqela elithile eluntwini". ^[1]

Ngelixa zonke iintlobo zemibutho zilawula, igama urhulumente lihlala lisetyenziswa ngakumbi ukubhekisa kuma-200 woorhulumente abazimeleyo emhlabeni, kunye nemibutho yabo exhasa. [2]

Okokugqibela, urhulumente ngamanye amaxesha usetyenziswa esiXhoseni njengesithetha- ntonye solawulo .

Imbali

Uphuhliso lwezolimo kunye neeprojekhthi zolawulo lwamanzi zazingunobangela wophuhliso loorhulumente. ^[2] Ngamaxesha athile inkosi yesizwe yayinyulwa ngezithethe ezahlukeneyo okanye kuvavanyo lwamandla okulawula isizwe sayo, ngamanye amaxesha neqela labadala besizwe njengebhunga. Ukukwazi kwabantu ukunxibelelana ngokuchanekileyo, ulwazi olufundileyo luvumele abantu ukuba basebenze ngakumbi kwezolimo, [6] kwaye oko kuvumele ukwanda kwabantu okuxineneyo. [3] UDavid Christian uchaza ukuba oku kukhokelele njani kwizizwe ezinemithetho noorhulumente.

Ukuqala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17, ukuxhaphaka kweeriphabliki zoorhulumente kwanda. I- Glorious Revolution eNgilani, i- American Revolution kunye ne- French Revolution yaba negalelo ekukhuleni kweentlobo zoburhulumente. ISoviet Union yaba lilizwe lokuqala elikhulu ukuba norhulumente wamaKomanisi. [2] Ukusukela oko kwawa udonga lwaseBerlin, inkululeko yenkululeko yaba yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo kurhulumente. [7]

Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba neyamashumi amabini, kwabakho ukonyuka okubonakalayo kubungakanani kunye nomgangatho woburhulumente kwinqanaba lesizwe. [8] Oku kubandakanya umgaqo wokudibana kwamashishini kunye nophuhliso lombuso wentlalontle . [7]

Ubunzululwazi bezopolitiko

Ukwahlulahlula

Kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko, bekusoloko kuyinjongo yokwenza itypology okanye uqoqosho lwerhafu, njengoko iinkqubo zenkqubo yezopolitiko zingabonakali. iThemplethi:Sfn Kubaluleke ngokukodwa kwicandelo lezenzululwazi zopolitiko kwezopolitiko xa kuthelekiswa nakubudlelwane bamazwe . Njengazo zonke iindidi ezichongiweyo ngaphakathi kweendlela zikarhulumente, imida yokwahlulwa kukarhulumente nokuba kungamanzi okanye akuchazwa gwenxa.

Ngokuphandle, bonke oorhulumente banendlela esemthethweni okanye efanelekileyo. I-United States lilizwe lomgaqo-siseko, ngelixa eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union lilizwe lentando yoluntu. Nangona kunjalo ukuzazisa akuyiyo injongo, kwaye njengoko uKopstein noLichbach baphikisa ngelithi, ukuxela oorhulumente abaphetheyo kunokuba yinto enzima. Umzekelo, uVoltaire waphikisa wathi " ubukhosi obungcwele baseRoma, abukhongcwele bungengobaseRoma, kwaye bungengobukhosi". ^[3]

Ukuchonga uhlobo lukarhulumente nako kunzima kuba iinkqubo ezininzi zopolitiko zivela njengemibutho yezentlalo nezoqoqosho ethi isiwe koorhulumente ngamaqela azibiza ngaloo mibutho; yonke ikhuphisana ngeembono zopolitiko. Amava ngalemibutho xa zisesihlalweni, kunye namaqhina aqinileyo abanokuba nawo kwiindlela ezithile zikarhulumente, kunokubangela ukuba bathathwe njengeendlela zikarhulumente kubo.

Ezinye iingxaki zibandakanya ukungavumelani ngokubanzi okanye " ukugqwetha okanye ukukhetha " ngabom kweenkcazo zobugcisa ezifanelekileyo kwiingcamango zezopolitiko kunye neendlela zokulawula, ngenxa yobume bezopolitiko kwixesha langoku. Umzekelo: Intsingiselo "ye- conservatism " e- United States ayinanto ininzi ifanayo nendlela inkcazo yegama esetyenziswa ngayo kwenye indawo. Njengokuba esitsho uRibuffo, "oko abantu baseMelika ngoku bakubiza ngokuba yi-conservatism uninzi lwehlabathi lubiza inkululeko okanye ubungqangi "; " olondolozayo " eFinland uya kubizwa ngokuba " ngusoshiyali " eMelika. ^[4] Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1950 i-Conservatism e-United States ibinxulumene ikakhulu ne- Republican Party . Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha leyantlukwano uninzi lwamaDemokhrasi aseMazantsi ayengabantu abalondolozayo, kwaye badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi- Conservative Coalition eyayilawula iCongress ukusuka ngo-1937 ukuya ku-1963.

Iintlobo

Enye indlela yokwahlula oorhulumente ngabantu apho banegunya lokulawula. Oku kunokuba ngumntu omnye (i-autocracy, enjenge-monarchy), iqela elikhethiweyo labantu (i-aristocracy), okanye abantu bebonke (idemokhrasi, njengeriphabliki).

UThomas Hobbes uxele ngokokuhlelwa kwabo:

Ukuzimela geqe yinkqubo yorhulumente apho amandla aphezulu egxilwe ezandleni zomntu omnye, izigqibo zakhe ziphantsi kothintelo olusemthethweni lwangaphandle okanye iindlela ezenziwa rhoqo zolawulo oludumileyo (ngaphandle kwesoyikiso sobhukuqo- mbuso okanye ubunzima Uqhushululu ). ^[5]

Ulawulo lwentando yesininzi

I-Aristocracy (i- Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, evela kwi-ἄριστος aristos "egqwesileyo", kunye ne-κράτος kratos " amandla ") luhlobo lukarhulumente olubeka amandla ezandleni zedidi elincinci nelinelungelo lokulawula . ^[6]

Uninzi lwee monarchies lwaluzizidwangube, nangona kwimimandla yomgaqo-siseko yanamhlanje inkosi ngokwayo inamandla amancinci. Igama elithi aristocracy linokubhekisa nakubantu abangabalimi, abangabasebenzi, nabangengabo abedolophu kwinkqubo ye-feudal .

Idemokhrasi

Idemokhrasi yinkqubo karhulumente apho abemi basebenzisa amandla ngokuvota . Kwidemokhrasi ethe ngqo, abemi bebonke benza iqumrhu elilawulayo kwaye bavote ngokuthe ngqo kumba ngamnye. Kwidemokhrasi emele abemi bonyula abameli phakathi kwabo. Aba bameli badibana ukwenza ibhunga lolawulo, njengendlu yowiso -mthetho. Kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo -siseko amandla esininzi ayasetyenziswa ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sedemokhrasi emele, kodwa umgaqo-siseko umisela umda uninzi kwaye ukhusele abambalwa, ngesiqhelo ngokuzonwabisa ngawo onke amalungelo athile, umzekelo inkululeko yenkululeko yokuthetha, okanye inkululeko yokuzibandakanya . ^[7]

Iiriphabliki

Iriphabliki luhlobo lukarhulumente apho ilizwe lithathwa "njengemicimbi yoluntu" (ngesiLatin: res publica ), hayi inkxalabo yabucala okanye ipropathi yabalawuli, nalapho iiofisi zamazwe zikhethwa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo okanye zichongwe endaweni Ilifa. Abantu, okanye isahlulo esithile sabo, banegunya lokulawula urhulumente nalapho iiofisi zikarhulumente zinyulwa okanye zikhethwe ngabantu abanyuliweyo. ^[8] Inkcazo eqhelekileyo elula yeriphabliki ngurhulumente apho intloko yelizwe ingenguye inkosi. ^[9] IMontesquieu ibandakanya zombini idemokhrasi, apho bonke abantu banesabelo kulawulo, kunye neeristocracies okanye ii- oligarchies, apho kuphela abanye abantu belawula, njengeendlela zorhulumente zeriphabhlikhi. ^[10]

Amanye amagama asetyenziselwa ukuchaza iiriphabliki ezahlukileyo zibandakanya iriphabliki yedemokhrasi, iriphabliki yepalamente, iriphabliki yomongameli, iriphabliki yomongameli, iriphabliki yomanyano, kunye neRiphabhlikhi yamaSilamsi .

I-Federalism

I-Federalism yingcinga yezopolitiko apho iqela lamalungu libotshelelwe kunye ngomnqophiso nentloko yommeli olawulayo. Igama elithi "federalism" likwasetyenziselwa ukuchaza inkqubo karhulumente apho ulawulo luhlulwe ngokomgaqo-siseko phakathi kwegunya elilawulayo eliphambili kunye neeyunithi zezopolitiko, ezahlukeneyo ezibizwa ngokuba ngamaphondo, amaphondo okanye enye indlela. I-Federalism yinkqubo esekwe kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi kunye namaziko apho amandla okulawula ekwabelwana ngawo phakathi kozwelonke kunye noorhulumente bamaphondo / oorhulumente, besenza oko kubizwa ngokuba ngumanyano . Abaxhasi bahlala bebizwa ngokuba ngama- federalists .

Iinkqubo zoqoqosho

Ngokwembali, uninzi lweenkqubo zopolitiko zavela njengeengcinga zentlalo noqoqosho . Amava ngaloo ntshukumo yasemandleni kunye namaqhina aqinileyo abanokuba nawo kwiindlela ezithile zikarhulumente kunokubangela ukuba bathathwe njengeendlela zikarhulumente kubo.

Ixesha	Ingcaciso
Ubungxowankulu	Inkqubo yoqoqosho lwentlalo apho iindlela zokuvelisa (oomatshini, izixhobo, iifektri, njl.) Ziphantsi kobunini babucala kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kuyinzuzo.
Ubukomanisi	Inkqubo zentlalo noqoqosho apho iindlela zemveliso ngeye ngokuqhelekileyo (nokuba ngabantu ngqo, ngenxa Thethani okanye kuluntu wamaKomanisi ), kunye nemveliso kwenziwa ukusetyenziswa, kunokuba ngenxa yenzuzo . ^[11] ^[12] Ngokwesiqhelo, imibutho yobukomanisi isebenzisa uqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo ukwalathisa imveliso kunye nokusasazwa kwempahla kunye neenkonzo.
Ukusasaza	Inkqubo yezentlalo nezoqoqosho apho ubunini bepropathi ngokubanzi njengelungelo elisisiseko; iindlela zemveliso zisasazeke ngokubanzi ngangokunokwenzeka endaweni yokuba zibekwe kwindawo enye phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente ( ubusoshiyali baseburhulumenteni ), abantu abambalwa ( ulawulo lobuzwilakhe ), okanye amaqumrhu ( corporatocracy ). Ukusasazwa ngokusisiseko kuyabuchasa ubusoshiyali kunye nongxowankulu, abo basasazi bajonga njengeziphene ngokulinganayo kunye nokuxhaphaza. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukusasaza kufuna ukuthotyelwa kwemisebenzi yezoqoqosho kubomi babantu bebonke, kubomi bethu bokomoya, kubukrelekrele bethu, kubomi bosapho ". ^[13]
Ubukhosi	Inkqubo yoqoqosho lwentlalo yobunini bomhlaba kunye nemisebenzi. Phantsi kobukhosi bobukumkani, wonke umhlaba ebukumkanini yayingowokumkani. Nangona kunjalo, inkosi yayiza kunika umhlaba kwezinye iinkosi okanye kwizikhulu ezazisilwela. Ezi zipho zomhlaba zabizwa ngokuba zii-manors. Ke iingangamsha zanikela ngomhlaba wazo kwizikhonzi. I-vassals ke kuye kwafuneka yenze imisebenzi yezidwangube. Imihlaba ye-vassals yayibizwa ngokuba yi-fiefs.
Ubusoshiyali	Inkqubo yoqoqosho lwentlalo apho abasebenzi, ngokwentando yesininzi nangokwasentlalweni bengabanini bemveliso ^[14] kunye nesakhelo sezoqoqosho esinokwabelwa amagunya, asasazwe okanye abekwe embindini acwangcisiweyo okanye azilawule ngokwawo kwiiyunithi zoqoqosho ezizimeleyo. Iinkonzo zikarhulumente ziya kuba ngesiqhelo, ngokudibeneyo, okanye zikarhulumente, ezinje ngononophelo lwempilo kunye nemfundo .
Ubalo	Inkqubo yoqoqosho kwezentlalo egxila kumandla kurhulumente ngenkcitho yenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Phakathi kwezinye izinto ezahlukeneyo, eli gama lithatha indawo yobukumkani, ubukhosi ngokupheleleyo, ubuNazi, ubuFascism, ubusoshiyali obunobungqongqo, kunye nozwilakhe ongacacanga. Ukwahluka okunjalo kuyahluka kwimicimbi yefom, amaqhinga kunye nemibono.
Urhulumente wentlalontle	Inkqubo yoqoqosho kwezentlalo apho urhulumente adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni nasekukhuthazeni intlalo-ntle yoqoqosho nentlalo yabemi bayo. Isekwe kwimigaqo yokulingana kwamathuba, ukwabiwa ngokulinganayo kobutyebi, kunye noxanduva loluntu kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuzifumanela izibonelelo ezincinci zobomi obulungileyo.

Iimpawu ezithile eziphambili zichaza iintlobo ezithile; ezinye ngokwembali zinxulunyaniswa neentlobo ezithile zikarhulumente.

Umthetho ngokomthetho ophezulu (imigaqo yokuziphatha engabhalwanga) ngokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo
Ukwahlulwa kwecawa kunye nelizwe okanye icawa yasimahla kuthelekiswa nenkolo yombuso
Ukulawulwa komkhosi emkhosini ngokuchasene nolawulo lwentando yesininzi
Totalitarianism okanye authoritarianism vs. libertarianism
Umgaqo wobuninzi okanye ulawulo lwepalamente ngokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko okanye umthetho osayilwayo ngokwahlulahlula amandla kunye nemithetho yobungangamsha yokuthintela ubuzwilakhe kuninzi nokukhusela amalungelo amancinci
I-Androcracy ( patriarchy ) okanye ubukhosi ( matriarchy ) ngokuchasene nesini, ukubonelelwa ngokulingana ngokwesini, okanye ukuthula ngalo mbandela

Ukuzimela

Olu luhlu lujolise kwiindlela ezahlukileyo ezenziwa ziinkqubo zopolitiko kusasazo lolawulo, kunye nokuzimela kwemimandla ngaphakathi kurhulumente.

↑ Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition Columbia University Press 2000
↑ The New Encyclopædia Britannica (15th edition)
↑ Renna, Thomas (Sep 2015) "The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire" Michigan Academician 42 (1): 60–75 doi:10.7245/0026-2005-42.1.60
↑ Leo P. Ribuffo, "20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy," Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v.12#1 pp. 2–6, quote on p. 6
↑ Paul M. Johnson "Autocracy: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms" Auburn.edu retrieved 2012-09-14
↑ "Aristocracy" Oxford English Dictionary December 1989 archived from the original on June 29, 2011 retrieved December 22, 2009 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Oxford English Dictionary: "democracy".
↑ Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1.
↑ "republic" WordNet 3.0 retrieved 20 March 2009
↑ Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, Bk. II, ch. 2–3.
↑ Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999) From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation Open Court p. 66 ISBN 978-0875484495 "Marx distinguishes between two phases of marketless communism: an initial phase, with labor vouchers, and a higher phase, with free access."
↑ Busky, Donald F. (July 20, 2000) Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey Praeger p. 4 ISBN 978-0275968861 "Communism would mean free distribution of goods and services. The communist slogan, 'From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs' (as opposed to 'work') would then rule"
↑ Storck, Thomas. "Capitalism and Distributism: two systems at war," in Beyond Capitalism & Socialism. Tobias J. Lanz, ed. IHS Press, 2008. p. 75
↑ Sinclair, Upton (1918) Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible "Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'"

[1] Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition Columbia University Press 2000

[Britannica2010-2] The New Encyclopædia Britannica (15th edition)

[3] Renna, Thomas (Sep 2015) "The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire" Michigan Academician 42 (1): 60–75 doi:10.7245/0026-2005-42.1.60

[4] Leo P. Ribuffo, "20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy," Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v.12#1 pp. 2–6, quote on p. 6

[5] Paul M. Johnson "Autocracy: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms" Auburn.edu retrieved 2012-09-14

[OED-6] "Aristocracy" Oxford English Dictionary December 1989 archived from the original on June 29, 2011 retrieved December 22, 2009 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[7] Oxford English Dictionary: "democracy".

[autogenerated1-8] Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1.

[WordNet-9] "republic" WordNet 3.0 retrieved 20 March 2009

[autogenerated2-10] Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, Bk. II, ch. 2–3.

[11] Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999) From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation Open Court p. 66 ISBN 978-0875484495 "Marx distinguishes between two phases of marketless communism: an initial phase, with labor vouchers, and a higher phase, with free access."

[12] Busky, Donald F. (July 20, 2000) Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey Praeger p. 4 ISBN 978-0275968861 "Communism would mean free distribution of goods and services. The communist slogan, 'From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs' (as opposed to 'work') would then rule"

[13] Storck, Thomas. "Capitalism and Distributism: two systems at war," in Beyond Capitalism & Socialism. Tobias J. Lanz, ed. IHS Press, 2008. p. 75

[14] Sinclair, Upton (1918) Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible "Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'"

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