Solomom Motswairo

USolomon Mangwiro Mutswairo ukwapelwa ngale ndlela Mutsvairo, (waazalwa ngomhla wama-26 kuTshazimpuzi ngo-1924 - wasweleka ngeyeNkanga ngo- 2005) wayengumbhali weenoveli nembongi yaseZimbabwe. Wayelilungu lohlanga lwamaZezuru oluzinze kumbindi weZimbabwe. UMutswairo waabhala inoveli yakhe yokuqala ngolwimi lwakhe lweenkobe isiShona, Isihloko senoveli sithi 'Feso.

Kwiminyaka yokwaluphala kwakhe, uMutswairo wayesisifundiswa esihloniphekileyo esisisele sombinza ngamasiko esintu ngokubanzi. Waba ngumntu wokuqala ukubizwa njengombhali kwindawo ezazihlala abafundi kwiYunivesithi yaseZimbabwe, kwaye wayekwangusihlalo weBhunga lezobuciko kuZwelonke eZimbabwe phaya ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990s. UMutswairo waabhala amazwi athi "Simudzai mureza weZimbabwe," umhobe wesizwe saseZimbabwe.

Igalelo lakhe njengombhali

Incwadi esihloko sayo sithiFeso,yaaqala yapapashwa ngolwimi lwesiZezuru ngo-1957, ngelo xesha ilizwe laseZimbabwe laliphantsi kolawulo lobukolonali negama lalo linguMzantsi Rhodesia. Le ncwadi ingembali equlethe izikweko ekuqhushekwe kuzo amava nengqiqo ngezopolitiko, ezasekwa kumakhulu-ngamakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo, phambi kokuba bufike ubukoloni kweli lizwe. Le ncwadi ayihelelanga nje ekusebenziseni ulwimi lwesiShona, kodwa iqulethe iqela leempawu zamasiko nezithethe ezibuthume kulwimi lwesiZezuru, ezifumaneka kwiingoma, nakubuciko obukhatshwa zizangotshe ezisetyenziswa xa kubaliswa amabali. Nangona wayesebenzisana neqaqobana lezinhanha zeenkcubabuchopho ezazikhona eZimbabwe, le ncwadi eyayibizwa ngokuba nguFeso yayifundwa phantse nguye wonke umntu, yayide ifundiswe nasezikolweni. de yavalwa ngurhulumente waseRhodesia phakathi kanye kwiminyaka yoo-1960s.

UMutswairo wayakufunda okokuqala eMelika ngeminyaka yoo-1960s, ngenkxaso awayifumana ngesibonelela sikaFulbright grant. Ekugqibeleni ke wafumana isidanga sakhe sePh.D. kwiYunivesithi yaseHoward ngo-1978, esasiqulethwe kuxwebhu lobungqina bomsebenzi wakhe kwinqanaba lobugqirha i-doctoral dissertation, ngamanye amazwi, esihloko sayo sithi Oral Literature in Zimbabwe: An Analytico-Interpretive Approach. Nangona umsebenzi wophando lwakhe kumasiko nobuciko obufumaneka ngomlomo wabantu baseZimbabwe, uye wabaluleka kakhulu de wasetyenziswa ziingcali zama-Afrika nezaseNtshona, kumsebenzi wakhe, wayenento yokusebenzisa into esingathi kukushukuxa imbali yelizwe lakhe. Wayezihlokoza iingxuba-kaxaka, kuthotho lweengxoxo-mpikiswano ezazibanjwa koomabonakude, esithi amaShona amelwe kukubizwa ngokuba ng"amaMbire."

Ekwaluphaleni kwakhe, uMutswairo waabhala izibongo nezicengcelezo ngolwimi lwesiNgesi. Iinoveli zakhe ezimbini ezazithetha phandle ngezopolitiko nezembali ngokubhekiselele kumatsha-ntliziyo amabini awalwela ukuba iZimbabwe ibe lilizwe elizimeleyo ngokwasemthethweni kwiminyaka yenkulungwane ye-19th. Igorha lokuqala yayinguKadungure Mapondera noChaminuka, obunjani bona ubulumko, ingqiqo namava aphilisayo, kule ngqokolela yeentsomi zaseZimbabwe, zombini ke ezincwadi zibhalwe ngesiNgesi, kwaye izibongo zakhe ezingeNgesi zirhiba ngomsinga ofanayo. "Kumfanekiso-ngqondweni awunika ngoNahanda no Kagubi," esentlungwini uyangqukruleka esenza isimbonono ekhwaza ubukho bamandla kaNehanda Nyakasikana, umfazi owatshutshiswa emva kwefuthe awabanalo ekulweleni inkululeko kwiminyaka yenkulungwane ye-19:

Kutheni, ngoku, Nehanda Nyakasikana,
Wawavala amehlo akho, Mufakose,
Wabuthoba ubuso bakho kuhle bajonga phantsi
Namehlwa'akho uwavulile ungaqhwanyazi ixesha elide
Ujonge phantsi ngokomntu odandathekileyo uzele ziinyembezi. . .

UMutswairo uthi izibongo zakhe zifuthwe zizibongo zesiNgesi, nangesingqi saso esisoloko sikho, kodwa izibongo ezingolwimi lwesintu isiShona zona zisekwe kuphinda-phindo olusoloko lusenzeka kwizibongo. Kuba eziguqulela umsebenzi wakhe kwiilwimi zombini, uye wafunda ukuwubeka umxholo ngobuchule obungummangaliso obuphuphuma ubulumnko bokubona ubudlelwane phakathi kwezi lwimi zimbini. Uthi wazifumanela ngokwengqiqo yakhe iindlela zokwenza imitsi ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye, nakuba kukho amaxesha apho intsingiselo yegama lesiShona ithi ingabikho kwisiNgesi. NakwelesiNgesi igama ngokunjalo: Umzekelo, iqhalo elithi 'Chauinacho batisisa midzimu haipe kaviri: "Loo nto unayo yibambe uyiqinise, kuba izinyanya azisayi kuphinde zikunike kwakhona." Lingangavakali kakuhle ke eli qhalo xa ulibeka ngesiNgesi. Mhlawumbi kungangcono xa unokusebenzisa elesiNgesi iqhalo elisondele kweli, njengelithi, "A bird in hand is worth two in a bush." kodwa qaphela ke, ufumana indlela le lisetyenziswe ngayo yahlukene kwaphela nale kusetyenziswe ngayo elesiShona, nangona umbono wona umnye. Ngako oko ke zininzi iintetho ezingafaniyo phakathi kwezi lwimi zimbini, kodwa ke ngandlela thize,uyalifumana igama elinokungqamana.

Umsebenzi owenziwe ngesiNgesi

• Feso. Washington: Three Continents Press, 1974.
• Zimbabwe: Prose and Poetry (as editor and contributor). Washington: Three Continents, 1974.
• Mapondera, Soldier of Zimbabwe. Washington: Three Continents, 1978.
• Chaminuka, Prophet of Zimbabwe. Washington: Three Continents, 1983.
• Introduction to Shona Culture. Zimbabwe: Juta Zimbabwe, 1996.

Imisebenzi elisekwe phezu kwalo eli phepha

• Bessant, Leslie. "Songs of Chiweshe and Songs of Zimbabwe." African Affairs, Vol. 93, No. 370. (1994), 43-73.
• Burgess, Don. "Three Continents Press: A Blazer of Trails." Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4. (1982), 451-456.
• Burgess, M. Elaine. "Ethnic Scale and Intensity: The Zimbabwean Experience." Social Forces, Vol. 59, No. 3. (1981), 601-626.
• Chimhundu, Herbert. "Early Missionaries and the Ethnolinguistic Factor during the 'Invention of Tribalism' in Zimbabwe." The Journal of African History, Vol. 33, No. 1. (1992), 87-109.
• Ranger, Terence. "The People in African Resistance: A Review." Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, (1977), 125-146.
• Williams, Angela A. "Mother Tongue: Interviews with Musaemura B. Zimunya and Solomon Mutswairo." The Journal of African Travel-Writing, Number 4 (1998), 36-44. Online version available.