Ulawulo lwamanani

Ulawulo lwamanani (isiNgesi: Numerical control, NC), okanye igama layo elipheleleyo lekhompyutha ulawulo lwamanani (isiNgesi: Ulawulo lwamanani ekhompyutha, CNC), kukubunjwa kwezixhobo zomatshini (ezifana ne-drills, izixhobo zokomba, iileyile) kunye nabashicileli be-3D ngokulawula ngokuzenzekelayo. kubo ngokusebenzisa ikhompyutha Yinkqubo machining esebenza kwi workpiece ukuba inikwe. Ngokulandela imiyalelo ecwangciswe ngeekhowudi, umatshini we-CNC ucubungula i-workpiece esekelwe kwizinto ezithile (ezifana nesinyithi, iplastiki, iplanga, i-ceramic okanye i-composite) ide ifike kwimilo efunekayo ukuhlangabezana neenkcukacha, ngokuchaneka ngakumbi kune-manual, ngaphandle kwesidingo. kumsebenzisi wesandla.

Umatshini we-CNC liqonga elineenjini ezininzi kunye nokuhamba okuchanekileyo okulawulwa yikhompyuter ngokwemiyalelo ecwangcisiweyo. Imiyalelo ecwangcisiweyo ibhaliwe kwaye ithunyelwe kumatshini we-CNC ngendlela yenkqubo elandelelanayo yeekhowudi zokulawula umatshini, njenge-G-code kunye ne-M-code, kwaye inkqubo iyaqaliswa. Imiyalelo inokubhalwa ngumntu okanye rhoqo ngekhompyutha encediswa yigraphic-design (CAD) software. Kwakhona, kwimeko yabashicileli be-3D abasebenzisa iikhowudi ze-G, into eza kuprintwa "isikiwe" phambi kokuba imiyalelo yenziwe.

Inyaniso yokuba i-CNC ilawulwa ngesandla (usebenzisa izixhobo ezinjengamavili ezandla okanye i-levers) okanye ngoomatshini ngezikhokelo zeepatheni ezenziwe kwangaphambili (iikhamera) luphuculo olukhulu ngaphezu kwabanye oomatshini abangekho kwikhompyutha. Kwiinkqubo ze-CNC zanamhlanje, ukuyila kunye nokuveliswa kwento yomatshini izenzekelayo kakhulu. Imilinganiselo yomatshini yento ichazwa kusetyenziswa isoftwe yeCAD kwaye emva koko iguqulelwe kwimigaqo yokwenziwa kwenkqubo yokwenziwa kwekhompyutha (CAM) [en]. Imiyalelo ephumayo iguqulwa (nge-software ye-"postprocessor") ibe yimiyalelo ethile efunekayo kumatshini othile ukuvelisa icandelo kwaye emva koko ifakwe kumatshini we-CNC. Ngenxa yokuba naliphi na icandelo elinikeziweyo lisenokufuna ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo—uomatshini, iisarha, njalo njalo—oomatshini banamhlanje badla ngokudibanisa izixhobo ezininzi zibe “yiseli” enye. Ezinye izicwangciso zisebenzisa inani loomatshini abahlukeneyo abanomlawuli wangaphandle, abantu okanye abasebenzi berobhothi abahambisa icandelo ukusuka kumatshini ukuya kumatshini. Kuzo zombini iimeko, ukulandelelana kwamanyathelo afunekayo ukuvelisa nayiphi na into enikeziweyo ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye ivelise izinto ezihambelana ngokusondeleyo ne-CAD yokuqala.

Izinto eziluncedo:

• Ukulungelelaniswa, umlinganiselo, ulawulo, ukuhamba ngesandla, njl. Ikhawuleza kakhulu kuba akukho misebenzi itya ixesha enje
• Yenza imisebenzi echanekileyo.
• Abantu abafanelekileyo abafunwa.
• Itempo yomsebenzi ihlala iphezulu kwaye iyafana.
• Zonke iintlobo zokusetyenziswa zincitshiswa zibe zincinci.
• Iimpazamo zobuqu ezibangelwa ngumsebenzisi zincitshiswa.

Izinto ezingeloncedo:

• Ifuna isicwangciso sokwenziwa esineenkcukacha.
• Ifuna utyalo-mali oluduru.
• Amandla asetyenziswayo ngeyure aphezulu.
• Ifuna ukusetyenziswa ngononophelo kunye nokugcinwa.
• Kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa abasiki bekhwalithi abanokumelana nesantya esiphezulu sokusika.
• Ukugcinwa kwamaxesha ngamaxesha kufuneka kwenziwe rhoqo yingcali kunye nomntu ogunyazisiweyo.

Ixesha elidlulileyo

Umbono woomatshini bokuqala be-NC ubuyela kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Yavela ngasekupheleni kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini, ngomyalelo obhaliweyo woRhulumente wase-US welo xesha, ukuze enze iinxalenye zeenqwelo-moya zemfazwe zoMkhosi woMoya wase-United States kwithiyetha yePasifiki. Oomatshini bokuqala be-NC baveliswa ngenxa yophando oludibeneyo lwe-R & D ngoososayensi kunye neenjineli zeParsons Corporation kunye neMassachusetts Institute of Technology, eqeshwe ngurhulumente. Oomatshini be-NC, ababengasafuneki emva kokuphela kwemfazwe, ngoku babonwa njengethemba lokuvelisa ngobuninzi, kwaye ngo-1952, umatshini wokuqala we-NC oza kusetyenziswa kumzi-mveliso, iCincinnati-Hydrotel, yaveliswa kwaye yafezwa eyokuqala. impumelelo kwintsimi yayo.

Inkampani yaseParsons kunye nemisebenzi kaSikorsky

Ukuzalwa kwe-NC ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa nguJohn T. Parsons noFrank L. Stulen, ababesebenza eParsons Corp. eTraverse City, eMichigan. Ngeminikelo yabo, i-duo yanikezelwa iMbasa yeSizwe yeTekhnoloji kwi-1985 "Ukuguqula i-Automobile kunye ne-Aircraft Production kunye noomatshini abalawulwa ngamanani".

Ngomnyaka we-1942, uParsons waxelelwa nguBill Stout, owayesakuba yintloko yolwakhiwo lweenqwelo-moya ze-Ford Trimotor, ukuba i-helicopter yayiza kuba "yingcinga enkulu elandelayo" yemveliso ye-NC. Wabiza iSikorsky Aircraft ukuba iphande umsebenzi onokwenzeka kwaye ngokukhawuleza wafumana isivumelwano sokwakha iintambo zokhuni zeerotor blades. Ngelo xesha, i-rotor blades (amaphiko e-rotary) ayenziwe ngamacangci asisigxina, aqulethwe ityhubhu yentsimbi ende eneembambo (okanye ngokuchanekileyo, iimbambo) emva koko zibekwe kuzo ukuqinisekisa ukumila kwe-aerodynamic. Iintambo ze-rotors zakhiwe kwi-design enikezwe nguSikorsky kwaye ithunyelwe kwi-Parsons njengoluhlu lwamanqaku e-17 achaza iinkcazo. UParsons ke kwafuneka 'agcwalise' amanqaku ngegophe lesiFrentshi ukwenza ulwandlalo. Isixhobo somthi senziwe ukwenza imilo yomgca wangaphandle, kwaye iziqwenga zokhuni ezenza umqadi zafakwa ngaphakathi kwesixhobo ngokufaka uxinzelelo oluchanekileyo ukubamba igophe elifanelekileyo. Inani lezinto ziye zadityaniswa kulo mgca uphambili ukunika amandla.

Emva kokuqalisa ulingo lwemveliso ye-NC kumzi-mveliso wefenitshala engasasetyenziswayo kunye nokunyusa imveliso, enye yeencakuba ayiphumelelanga, ebonisa ingxaki ngentambo Ubuncinane inxalenye yengxaki ibonakala ibangelwa kukuwelda ikhola yentsimbi kwintsimbi yomtya isibiyeli. Ikholomu yafakwa ngaphakathi kwi-boam ngexesha lokwakhiwa, emva koko i-slid kwi-post kwaye i-welded kwindawo efanelekileyo. UParsons ucebise indlela entsha yokuqhoboshela imitya ngokuthe ngqo kwi-spar usebenzisa i-adhesive, engazange izame ngaphambili kuyilo lwenqwelomoya.

Izifundo zeMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Izazinzulu ze-MIT zancamathelisa iigiya kwiigalelo ezahlukeneyo zamavili esandla kwaye zawaqhuba ngamatyathanga aqengqelekayo aqhagamshelwe kwiimotor, enye kwi-axes ezintathu zomatshini (X, Y, no-Z). Isilawuli esinxulumeneyo sasiquka iikhabhathi ezinobungakanani befriji ezintlanu ezithe xa zidibene ziphantse zalingana nelitye lokusila ezidityaniswe kulo. Iikhabhinethi ezintathu zinezilawuli ze-injini, isilawuli esinye kwi-injini nganye, ngelixa ezinye ezimbini zinenkqubo yokufunda idijithali.

Ngokungafaniyo noyilo lwekhadi loqobo lweParsons Corporation, iMIT isebenzise iteyiphu ephuhliweyo eqhelekileyo yesixhenxe ukuze ifakwe. Ezintathu vias zasetyenziswa ukulawula izembe ezahlukeneyo kumatshini, ngelixa ezinye ezine encoded ulwazi lolawulo ezahlukeneyo. Iteyiphu yafundwa kwikhabhinethi ekwahlala kuyo i-firmware emithandathu esekwe kwi-relay, ezimbini kwi-axis nganye. Ngomsebenzi ngamnye wokufundwayo, indawo ebifundiwe ngaphambili yakhutshelwa kwirejista "yendawo yokuqala" yaza indawo esanda kufundwa yakhutshelwa kwirejista "yendawo yokuphela". I-tape ifundwe ngokuqhubekayo kwaye inani kwiirekhodi liye lanyuka kunye nomngxuma ngamnye ohlangeneyo kwiindlela zokulawula de kube umyalelo othi "stop" udibane emva kokubhoboza imingxuma emine.

Imizekelo yoomatshini be-CNC

Umatshini weCNC	Ingcaciso
Freze	Iqhuba iinkqubo ezibandakanya amanani athile kunye nonobumba ukuhambisa i-spindle kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobunzulu. Uninzi lubhalwe ngekhowudi engu-G. Imisebenzi ibandakanya: ukungqusha ubuso, ukugawula amagxa, ukucofa, ukugrumba, kwaye abanye bade benze imisebenzi yokuguqula. Ii-mill ze-CNC zanamhlanje zinokuba ne-3 ukuya kwii-axes ezi-6. Uninzi lwabasiki be-CNC lokusila lufuna ukuba isixhobo sibekwe okanye sibekwe kuso kwaye kufuneka sibe sikhulu njengoko into eza kubunjwa, nangona oomatshini abatsha be-3-axis abancinci kakhulu baye baveliswa.
Torna	Umatshini osusa iitshiphusi kwinto ngesisiki esisisigxina ngelixa into eza kwenziwa ijikeleza i-axis yayo. Yenza ukusika okukhawulezayo kunye nokuchanekileyo, rhoqo usebenzisa izixhobo ezitshintshisanayo kunye needrili. Iyasebenza kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo eziyilelwe ukwenza iinxalenye ezingenakwenzeka kwiileyile zezandla. Ibandakanya iimpawu zolawulo ezifana ne- CNC mills kwaye idla ngokubhalwa kwikhowudi ye-G. Inobuncinane beezembe ezimbini (X no-Z), kodwa iimodeli ezintsha zineezembe ezininzi kwaye zivumela ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi ekunzima ukuyilungisa.

Ukusetyenziswa okusisiseko

Inkqubo iqulathe ubuncinci beentsimbi ezimbini (i-X kunye ne-Y) kunye ne-spindle esisigxina okanye ehambayo. Isikhundla seqonga elishukumayo liphunyezwa ngokuqhuba ngokuthe ngqo i-stepper okanye ii-servo motors okanye uthotho lweegiya ezinyuliweyo ezisetyenziswa kuyilo oludala ukubonelela ngeentshukumo ezichanekileyo. Ulawulo oluvulekileyo lwe-loop lusebenza nje ukuba amandla agcinwe amancinci ngokwaneleyo kwaye isantya singekho sikhulu kakhulu. Ulawulo lwe-loop oluvaliweyo lusemgangathweni ukunika ukuchaneka, isantya kunye nokuphindaphinda okufunwayo koomatshini bokwenza isinyithi. Olunye uhlengahlengiso ludla ngokubandakanya inkqubo yonke evalelwe kwibhokisi enkulu (njengesithintelo sokhuseleko), kunye nezitshixo ezongezelelweyo zokhuseleko ezivezwayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba umqhubi ukwindawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo kwaye umgama owaneleyo ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenza. Uninzi lweenkqubo ezintsha ze-CNC eziveliswayo namhlanje ziyi-100% zilawulwa ngekhompyutha.

Inkqubo yolawulo yokubeka

Kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwamanani, indawo yesixhobo ichazwa liqela lemiyalelo ebizwa ngokuba yi-'part program'. Ulawulo lokumisa lufezekiswa nge-loop evulekileyo okanye inkqubo ye-loop evaliweyo. Kwi-open-loop system, unxibelelwano lwenzeka kwicala elinye kuphela: ukusuka kumlawuli ukuya kwi-motor. Kwinkqubo ye-loop evaliweyo, impendulo inikezelwa kumlawuli ukuze ikwazi ukulungisa iimpazamo kwindawo, isantya, kunye nokukhawuleza okunokuthi kwenzeke ngenxa yokutshintsha komthwalo okanye ukushisa. Iisistim ezivulekileyo ze-loop zihlala zitshiphu kodwa zinokuchaneka okusezantsi. Iinjini zeStepper zingasetyenziswa kuzo zombini iindidi zeenkqubo, ngelixa iimotor ze-servo zingasetyenziswa kuphela kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo.

Ulungelelaniso lweCartesian

Iikhowudi ze-G & M zonke zisekwe kwinkqubo yolungelelwaniso yeCartesian ene-dimensional ezintathu. Le nkqubo yinqwelomoya eqhelekileyo edla ngokubonwa xa izoba iigrafu kwimathematika; Kuyimfuneko ukucwangcisa iindlela zesixhobo somatshini kunye nasiphi na esinye isenzo ekufuneka senzeke kulungelelwaniso oluthile. Ulungelelwaniso olupheleleyo, kwelinye icala, luqhele ukusetyenziswa kakhulu koomatshini kwaye zimele inqaku (0, 0, 0) kwinqwelomoya. Eli nqaku limiselwe kwimpahla yesitokhwe kwindawo yokuqala okanye "indawo yekhaya" phambi kokuba kuqale ukwenziwa komatshini.

Iphaneli yokulawula

Ulawulo lwamanani yiphaneli apho oomatshini balawulwa khona, abaquka amaqhosha amaninzi ealfabhethi namanani kunye neskrini. Ukulinganisa komsebenzi kunokubukelwa kwisikrini sayo seCRT; Ukunyakaza kwe-Manual, ukujikeleza kwe-turret, utshintsho lwe-axis, i-spindle on / off and start / stop, inkqubo yokupholisa ivuliwe / ivaliwe, ukuyeka ngokukhawuleza, ukunyuka kwesantya / ukunciphisa kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa izitshixo. Iinkqubo zephaneli yokulawula ezisetyenziswa kumashishini oomatshini zifana nezi zilandelayo: Siemens, Fanuc, Heidenhain kunye neMazatrol.