Melika
IMelika lilizwekazi loMhlaba elinabela ngokupheleleyo kwiNtshona yeIkhweyitha . [1] Ngokutsho koncwadi lwejografi yaseItali, lonke elaseNtshona Yurophu (kodwa hayi iZiqithi zaseBritani) kunye nelaseLatin America, iMelika ithathwa njengelizwekazi elinye, lahlulwe yangamazwekazi amabini: uMntla Merika noMzantsi Merika . yoMntla Merika ibizwa ngokuba nguMbindi Merika. Iindawo ezahlukeneyo zelizwekazi zibizwa ngokuba "ngamazwe aseMelika". [1] Ngokutsho koncwadi lwejografi ye-Anglo-Saxon, inkcubeko yaseTshayina kunye nesiRashiya, iMelika ithathwa njengenye yezona ndawo zibalaseleyo zomhlaba kwaye iindawo zayo ezisemantla nakumazantsi zibhekwa njengelizwekazi ngokwazo, zihlulwe yi-Isthmus yasePanama. [2]
Ibandakanya i-8.3% yomhlaba wonke kunye ne-28.4% yomhlaba ovelayo. Uncedo lulawulwa ziiNtaba zeRocky kunye neentaba zeAndes, zombini ezikunxweme olusentshona yelizwekazi. Icala elingasempuma laseMelika lilawulwa yimilambo emikhulu, njengeAmazon, Mississippi, kunye neRío de la Plata . Ukwandiswa yi- iThemplethi:M ( iThemplethi:M ) ngokubhekisele kumntla-mazantsi. Imozulu kunye ne-ecology iyahluka kakhulu eMelika, ukusuka kwi-arctic tundra yaseCanada, eGreenland, naseAlaska, ukuya kumahlathi ashinyeneyo aseMbindi Melika naseMzantsi Melika. Xa uMntla noMzantsi Melika wadityaniswa, kwiminyaka ezizigidi ezi-3 eyadlulayo, into ebizwa ngokuba yiGreat American Exchange yenzeka, utshintshiselwano lwelizwekazi olwakhokelela ekusasazweni kweentlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo kwiindawo ezimbini zaseMelika, njengepuma, porcupine, nehummingbird. Abantu abangaphezu kwebhiliyoni enye bahlala eMelika (ngaphezu kwe-14% yabemi behlabathi ): awona mazwe anabantu abaninzi yi- United States of America, eBrazil naseMexico, ngelixa ezona zixeko zinabantu abaninzi sisiXeko saseMexico, iSão Paulo neNew York .
Iindawo zokuhlaliswa kwabantu zokuqala zivela eAsia kwaye zibuyela emva malunga ne iThemplethi:M iminyaka ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo .Ukufuduka kwesibini kwabantu abathetha i-Na-Dene kwenzeka kamva, kwakhona ukusuka e-Asia . Ukufuduka okulandelayo kwe- Inuit ukuya kwindawo ye-Neo-Arctic malunga nenkulungwane yama-36 ye-BC kugqibe oko kuthathwa ngokuba yindawo yokuqala yokuhlala eMelika ngabantu bomthonyama . Iihambo zikaChristopher Columbus phakathi kwe -1492 kunye ne-1502 zabeka iMelika ngokusisigxina kunye neYurophu (kwaye kamva, nayo engeyiyo yaseYurophu) amagunya eHlabathi eliDala, okwakhokelela kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi " Columbian Exchange ". Izifo ezavela eYurophu naseAfrika ziye zatshabalalisa abantu bomthonyama, ngoxa amagunya aseYurophu enza iMelika. Ukufuduka kwabantu abaninzi bevela eYurophu, kubandakanywa inani elikhulu labakhonzi abangenayo, kunye nokufuduka kwamakhoboka aseAfrika ngokunyanzeliswayo kwathatha indawo yabantu bomthonyama.
Ukuqala kwiMfazwe yaseMelika yokuzimela (1776-1783), inkqubo ye-decolonization yaseMelika yaqala kwaye namhlanje phantse onke amazwe aseMerika azimele. Ilifa le-European colonization kunye nolawulo likhulu: IMelika ineempawu ezininzi zenkcubeko ezifanayo neYurophu, ngakumbi ukubambelela kubuKristu kunye nokusetyenziswa kweelwimi zaseEuropean
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nella letteratura geografica italiana, del resto dell'Europa occidentale (ma non delle Isole britanniche) e in quella dell'America Latina, l'America è considerata un continente unico; tra i numerosi testi italiani se ne citano alcuni, delle principali case editrici di testi di geografia:
- ↑ Questo modo di vedere l'America come supercontinente formato dai due continenti dell'America settentrionale e dell'America meridionale è tipico della letteratura geografica dei Paesi delle culture anglo-sassone, cinese e russa. Fonti: